Flame retardant high-temperature-resistant polyimide fibers and molded articles manufactured therefrom

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure describes flame-retardant, high-temperature resistant polyimide fibers, nonwovens made from said fibers, as well as the fibers and molded articles obtained after a heat treatment. A composite of such fibers is heated to a temperature in the glass transition range of the fiber, i.e., between 280° and 350° C. This heat treatment develops a contraction force of 0.3 to 1.1 cN in the fibers which results in a fiber shrinkage of between 20 and 60% and the formation of cohesive bonds. The fibers of the invention enable the manufacture of molded articles that are particularly strong, have a high temperature resistance and flame-retardant properties, while having a relatively low density.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to flame-retardant,high-temperature-resistant polyimide fibers based on recurringstructural elements of the general formula ##STR1## in which R is thegroup ##STR2## and/or the group ##STR3## a nonwoven made from suchfibers, as well as the fibers and molded articles prepared by heatingsaid fibers to about their glass transition temperature.

Copolyimide fibers having the above structural elements are known. E.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,985,934 and 4,801,502. It is also known in the art thatmost stretched synthetic fibers shrink when heated close to the fiber'sstretching temperature. For example, special polyolefin, polyester,polyvinyl chloride, and polyamide fibers shrink by about 50% when heatedto such a temperature. The manufacturing process imparts this propertyto these fibers. Synthetic fibers are commonly stretched after spinningto orientate the polymer molecules. Strong intermolecular forces preventthe stretched molecules from contracting and convoluting (i.e.,relaxing). At elevated temperatures, these forces are progressivelyovercome, allowing the fiber to reach a state of correspondingly higherentropy, thus developing a contracting force which shrinks the fiber.

Synthetic fibers having a high shrinkage capacity are used to thermallycompact random nonwovens. This process is described, for example, inGerman Application 1,785,165, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,188,690, and4,237,180.

The German Application 1,785,165 discloses a procedure for themanufacture of felts from a random nonwoven consisting of at least twotypes of fibers. One of the fiber types shrinks considerably more thanthe other when the nonwoven is heated to an elevated temperature.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,180 discloses insulating materials comprising amixture of inorganic and organic fibers. The organic fibers shrink whenheated to an elevated temperature. This shrinkage compacts the fiberweb.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,690 discloses the manufacture of a structurelessnonwoven from a web of highly shrinkable organic fibers which by heattreatment shrink the web area approximately 50%.

Fibers having a high shrinkage capacity are also used as components forhigh-bulk yarns (R. W. Moncrieff, Man Made Fibers 5th ed., 1970, HeywoodBooks, pp. 461, 514, and 641).

To make highly stable molded articles from nonwovens, the nonwoven'sfibers should have a high shrinkage capacity. It is also desirable thatsuch molded articles exhibit high temperature resistance andflame-retardant properties. Such fibers and nonwovens are useful in theairplane, electrical engineering and automotive industries. Prior to thepresent invention fibers having a high shrinkage capacity, hightemperature resistance and flame-retardant properties had not beenidentified.

Some polyamide fibers, such as, e.g., a conventional shrinkablemeta-aramide fiber (NOMEX T 463, made by Du Pont), have good thermalproperties. However, these fibers do not shrink sufficiently whichrestricts their utility.

Polyimide fibers having the structural elements described above areknown to possess excellent thermal properties. Moreover, the gasesproduced at the decomposition temperature of these fibers exhibit a lowsmoke density and the toxicity of these fumes is slight. An object ofthe present invention is to make polyimide fibers that are useful in themanufacture of molded articles having a high tensile strength, a hightemperature resistance, and flame-retardant properties, and yet alsohave a relatively low density. Furthermore, such molded articles shouldbe machinable and able to be further molded.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cut-away view of a three-dimensional molded articleaccording to the present invention;

FIGS. 2a and b are charts which show the functional relationship betweenthe contraction force and the load (in cN/tex) for a specifictemperature;

FIG. 3 is a chart which shows the functional relationship between fibershrinkage and temperature for a meta-aramide fiber and a polyimide fiberaccording to the present invention; and

FIG. 4 shows an electron-optical photograph of a product according tothe present invention magnified 2000 times.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The basic recurring structural units of the polyimide fibers used in thepresent invention have the general formula ##STR4## in which R is thegroup ##STR5## and/or the group ##STR6## wherein said fibers have acontraction force of 0.3 to 1.1 cN when heated at elevated temperatures;

a fiber shrinkage of 20 to 60% when heated at elevated temperatures; and

the presence of 0.5 to 3% low molecular components, for example solventsand oligomers;

whereby, heating said fibers results in the formation of cohesive bondsbetween individual fibers.

Polyimide fibers can be stretched to a ratio of 1:4 to 1:10, andpreferably are stretched in a ratio of 1:4 to 1:7.

The presence of low-molecular components such as solvents and oligomersis a key feature of the present invention. Useful solvents includestrongly polar, organic solvents, such as, e.g., dimethylformamide,dimethylacetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, and the like. Suchlow-molecular components are key to the manufacture of highly stablemolded articles.

The role of the low-molecular components is assumed from the partialemission observed at elevated temperatures contemporaneous with apowerful contraction force and a high degree of fiber shrinkage. Thus,cohesive bonds are formed between the individual fibers during thisthermal process, even though these polyimide fibers do not have amelting point as such. These cohesive bonds impart an extraordinarystability and strength to the subsequently formed molded articles.

The heat-treated fibers have the following features:

a) after being heated to a temperature near the fiber's glass transitiontemperature, e.g., between 280° and 350° C., preferably between 300° and330° C., the fibers shrink to 20-60% of their original length;

b) cohesive bonds exist between the individual fibers;

c) a titer which is up to 300% of the fiber's titer before the heattreatment;

d) a reduced tensile strength, which is up to 30% less than the tensilestrength of the fiber before the heat treatment; and

e) a fiber elongation up to 300% of that of the fiber before the heattreatment.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the fibers of a polyimidefiber nonwoven are intertwined by a needling process before the heattreatment. This product has a weight per unit area between 60 grams persquare meter and 3000 grams per square meter.

Molded articles of the present invention can be made from any polyimidefiber composite, including e.g., wovens and knits in single ormulti-layer form. Any of these fiber composites, when heated to aboutthe fiber's glass transition temperature, between 280° and 350° C., andpreferably 300° to 330° C. and, if appropriate, pressurized, will resultin useful molded articles.

The molded articles according to the invention have an ultimate tensilestrength between 5 and 50N/square mm, an elongation at break between 5and 80%, a moduli of elasticity between 100 and 500N/square mm, and abending strength of up to 30N/square mm.

Furthermore, when the molded articles of the present invention areheated to temperatures about the fiber's glass transition point they arethemselves moldable. Additionally, these molded articles have a maximumdensity of 1.20 g/cc.

Since the density of the polymer is 1.41 g/cc, the molded articlecomprises a "void volume". In other words, the molded articles containsmall voids, which owing to their small size, act like capillaries andare capable of absorbing, for example, water. At room temperature, themolded article can absorb an amount of water equal to 10 to 50% ofmolded article's mass. The molded article's capillary forces also act onany other liquid having a viscosity of less than about 50 Pas.

Without pressurization, the molded articles according to the inventioncan attain a density of 1.20 g/cc.

The machinability of the molded article is very significant to theirindustrial utility. Molded articles according to the invention can bemachined, trouble-free, e.g., by sawing, drilling, milling or grinding.Due to their more or less fibrous surface, these molded articles alsohave excellent adhesive properties.

The present invention also comprises a process for the manufacture ofthe molded articles of the invention. In one embodiment of the processof the present invention, while the fiber composite is heated to atemperature in the glass transition range between 280° to 350° C., andpreferably 300° to 330° C., the composite is molded into the desiredshape through the use of a molding means, such as a die. During themolding process a contracting force of between 0.3 and 1.1 cN develops,and the density of the composite increases up to ten times its initialvalue.

It is advantageous to limit the heat treatment during molding process tobetween 1 and 30 minutes.

By means of this process it is possible to obtain faithful reproductionsof three-dimensional structures of any configuration by exact shrinkingon a die. FIG. 1 shows such a three-dimensional molded article preparedby the shrinking a polyimide fiber nonwoven on a shell-like die.

The nonwoven used to prepare the three dimensional article of FIG. 1 hada thickness of 2.5 mm. This nonwoven consisted of polyimide fibers madefrom 3,3',4,4' benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride,4,4'-methylene bis (phenylisocyanate), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and2,6-toluenediisocyanate which had been stretched to a ratio of 1:4. Thenonwoven contained 1.5%, by weight, low-molecular components, such asdimethyl formamide and oligomers. It was heated at 320° C. for 10minutes to obtain the molded article shown in FIG. 1.

The resulting molded article had a thickness of 1 mm, an ultimatetensile strength of 19N/square mm, an elongation at break of 32%, and adensity of 0.4 g/cc.

The invention is described below in greater detail.

A) Effect of the Heat Treatment on Fiber Properties

Table 1 illustrates how the titer, the shrinkage capacity, and thecontraction force of a polyimide fiber, stretched to a ratio of 1:4,change with temperature.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                        Tempera-                                                                              un-                                                                   ture (C.)                                                                             treated 280    300  320  330  350  370  400                           ______________________________________                                        Titer   2.3     2.6    2.4  3.4  4.6  5.3  6.0  6.2                           (dtex)                                                                        Shrinkage                                                                             --      0.3    2.2  7.2  20   28   40   44                            (%)                                                                           Contraction                                                                           --      --     0.20 0.29 0.31 0.25 0.12 --                            force(cN)                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

The contraction force is the mathematical product of the shrinkagestress and the relevant fiber titer. The shrinkage stress was determinedby measuring the change in length, Δ L (in %), of individual fibersunder different loads after heating to a specified temperature. Thesefindings are presented in FIG. 2. The shrinkage stress is that load (incN/tex) at which the fiber does not show any change in length afterbeing heated to the test temperature. The shrinkage stress value for atest temperature is obtained by interpolation. FIG. 2 shows thisdetermination for three test temperatures.

Table 1 shows that the fibers develop their highest contraction forceover a narrow temperature range around 330° C. This temperature is closeto the glass transition point of the fiber (315° C.). This behavior isunusual as stretched synthetic fibers normally relax over a widetemperature range starting at the glass transition point. Stretchedsynthetic fibers also normally generate contracting forces that rise,continuously or otherwise, with increasing temperature. This rise canusually be observed almost up to the melting point range.

According to Table 1, the tested fibers (stretching ratio of 1:4)exhibited a 20% shrinkage when the contraction force was at its maximum.These conditions were adequate to compact, for example, a polyimidefiber composition according to the invention. This compression wasachieved solely by heating the nonwoven to temperatures of between 300°and 330° C. without pressurization. This result is possible only becausethe contraction force, the shrinkage capacity and the emission of thelow molecular components act contemporaneously in a most favorablemanner.

FIG. 3 shows fiber shrinkage S (in % of its initial length) as afunction of the temperature (curve a). In contrast, curve b shows theshrinkage behavior of a conventional meta-aramide fiber which itsmanufacturer describes as "high-shrinkage fiber." It can readily be seenthat the shrinkage capacity of the polyimide fiber according to theinvention exceeds many times over that of the meta-aramide fiber. Thepicture becomes more favorable for the polyimide fiber when thestretching ratio is above 1:4.

B) Effect of the Stretching on Fiber Properties

The stretching of a synthetic fiber following spinning orients the longpolymer molecules parallel to the fiber axis. This stretching results ina fiber with a high degree of molecular orientation and strongintermolecular forces which ensure that this stretched structure isretained. The degree of molecular orientation increases with thestretching ratio. On heating to an elevated temperature, the fiberbegins to lose this degree of molecular orientation and develops acontraction force. The contraction force increases as the fiber losesits orientation. As shown in Table 2, this behavior is also seen in thepolyimide fiber used in the invention.

                  TABLE 2                                                         ______________________________________                                        Stretching                                                                              1:2      1:4    1:5     1:6  1:7                                    ______________________________________                                        Titer (dtex)                                                                  before*   2.54     2.28   2.23    2.27 2.2                                    after*    3.41     4.18   4.07    5.72 6.0                                    Shrinkage 4        19     22      26   40                                     (%)                                                                           Contraction                                                                             0.10     0.31   0.36    0.80 0.90                                   force                                                                         (cN)                                                                          ______________________________________                                         *heated to 330° C.                                                

C) Mechanical Properties of Shrunk Polyimide Fiber Composites

A conventionally needled, polyimide fiber nonwoven with an initialweight per unit area of 1000 g/square meter and a thickness of 9 mm wasexposed to an air stream having an average temperature of 330° C. forthree minutes. During the heat treatment, the weight per unit areaincreased to 4800 g/square meter and the shrunk nonwoven had a densityto 0.75 g/cc. The product had an ultimate tensile strength of 15N/squaremm and an elongation at break of 5%. These values were determined inaccordance with German Standards DIN 53,455. It was noted that, when theduration of the heat treatment was doubled, the density remainedsubstantially constant while the ultimate tensile strength increased to20N/square mm and the elongation at break increased to 7%.

Table 3 shows the mechanical properties of a series of products obtainedfrom nonwovens of different initial densities.

                  TABLE 3                                                         ______________________________________                                        Density    0.11     0.05   0.06   0.10 0.20                                   before HT                                                                     (g/cc)                                                                        Density    0.22     0.30   0.60   0.70 1.00                                   after HT                                                                      (g/cc)                                                                        Ultimate   5        5      16     20   24                                     tensile                                                                       strength                                                                      (N/sq. mm)                                                                    Elongation at                                                                            6        55     15     7    20                                     break (%)                                                                     Bending    *        *      *      *    28                                     strength                                                                      (N/sq. mm)                                                                    ______________________________________                                         *Specimen did not break                                                       HT = heat treatment                                                      

The following is a description of two additional embodiments of themolded articles of the invention made from shrunk, needled polyimidefiber nonwovens and of the process for making the same.

First, a nonwoven secured in a tenter frame was heated. For thatpurpose, a nonwoven secured in this manner (having fibers of a titer of2.2 dtex, a staple length of 60 mm, a stretching ratio of 1:6, a solventcontent of 2.5% and a weight per unit area of 150 g/square meter) washeated to a temperature of 340° C. for 10 minutes. The thermallycompacted nonwoven had an ultimate tensile strength of 5N/square mm andan elongation at break of 80%.

A density of 1.2 g/cc was achieved by heating a needled nonwoven ofstaple fibers (staple length of 60 mm, titer of 2.2 dtex) having athickness of 12 mm and an initial weight per unit of area 2000 g/squaremeter to a temperature of 340° C. for 20 minutes. The thermallycompacted nonwoven had an ultimate tensile strength of 50N/square mm, anelongation at break of 5% and a bending strength of 30N/square mm.

By varying the duration and temperature of shrinking, the density of thefiber composition, and corresponding length and width specifications ofa tenter frame, it is possible to control the mechanical properties ofproduct.

It has also proven to be advantageous to perform the heat treatment bysuctioning hot air or hot inert gas through the fiber composition. Inthis way, it is possible to manufacture molded articles having ultimatetensile strengths of 5 to 50N/square mm, elongations at break of 5 to60%, and moduli of elasticity of 100 to 500N/square mm, as well asbending strengths of up to 30N/square mm.

The molding of the polyimide fiber composite can be enhanced during orafter the shrinkage process by a light pressurization of 1 to 10N/squaremm. Such a pressurization can smooth out the fibrous surface of thenonwoven. This pressurization can also be used to emboss relief-typepatterns into the surface of the product.

After completion of the shrinkage process, upon reheating the product toa temperature near the polyimide fiber's glass transition point, thefiber composites were again moldable. The new shape remained stableafter cooling.

All of the molded articles manufactured according to the inventionproved to be machinable with conventional machines known in the wood andplastic industries.

The excellent mechanical properties of the heat-treated fibers or moldedarticles according to the invention are attributed to the physicalmechanical linking of the fibers during the shrinkage process and alsoto the formation of cohesive bonds between the individual fibers. Thesebonds can be detected using electron optics. FIG. 4 shows anelectron-optical photograph of a heat-treated polyimide fiber compositemagnified 2000 times. What can be seen are individual fibers as well asthe cross-section of two fibers fused by two cohesive bonds. The twobonding points are indicated by arrows.

We claim:
 1. A process for making a machineable, molded article which isflame retardant and high temperature stable comprising:a) preparing afirst composition of heat-shrinkable fibers comprisingi) a quantity ofpolyimide fibers corresponding to the formula: ##STR7## in which R isselected form the group consisting of ##STR8## and combinations thereof,said quantity of polyimide fibers being sufficient to impart flameretardant and high temperature stability properties to said composition;and ii) a solvent of said polyimide fiber and an oligomer of saidpolyimide fibers; b) aligning said polyimide fibers in more than onedimension; c) placing said heat-shrinkable fiber composition withaligned fibers on a shaping surface; d) preparing a secondheat-shrinkable fiber composition; e) placing said secondheat-shrinkable fiber composition on said first heat-shrinkable fibercomposition on said shaping surface in a manner effective to abut saidfirst and said second heat-shrinkable fiber compositions; f) applying aquantity of heat energy to said compositions on said shaping surfaceeffective to maintain to the temperature of said polyimide fibers atabout the glass transition temperature of said polyimide fibers forbetween 1 and 30 minutes; and g) removing the material from said shapingsurface after said application of heat energy.